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Incineration is a method of treating waste which involves the combustion of the organic substances found in waste materials. The solid mass of the original waste is reduced by around 80 to 85%, while the volume is reduced by between 95 and 96%. While incineration does not totally replace the process of landfilling, it does reduce the amount of waste to be disposed of considerably.

Not only this, but incineration has definitive benefits when used to treat more specialist types of waste such as clinical or hazardous waste, where the high temperatures can destroy potentially dangerous toxins and pathogens.

When burning waste however, pollutants are created. These pollutants are emitted alongside the flue gas and depending on the composition of the waste being incinerated, smaller quantities of CO, NOx, HCl, HF, HBr, PCDD/F, SO2, VOCs, PCBs or heavy metal compounds are either formed or remain following incineration. Most countries regulate these emissions and have laws in place to protect the environment.

Of particular note is HCl, which must be properly managed not only due to potential environmental damage, but also for its risk to plant equipment. Wastes often contain chlorinated organic compounds or chlorides and in municipal waste, around 50% of these chlorides come from PVC. During the process of incineration, the organic component of these compounds is destroyed and any chlorine present is converted into HCl.

The following types of plants are typically affected by this issue:

Techniques for the Reduction of Acid GasesHCl, SO2 and HF are usually cleaned from the flue-gas using alkaline reagents. The following processes are applied:

The ideal outcome for these processes is optimum control of the scrubber plant, with maximum efficiency which allows compliance with relevant environment regulations; in particular the monitoring of plant conditions and minimal use of the reagent. Additionally, gypsum may be produced for sale.

Schematics of the flue gas desulfurization in a power plant

Task: SO2 and HCl Scrubber ProcessTwo key parameters are required for the scrubbing of acid gas:

The control process is derived from these two values. Additionally, oxygen levels may be monitored and measured as a means of detecting leakages.

Typical measuring ranges before scrubber:

Typical measuring ranges after scrubber:

ABB offers a range of measurement solutions which can be utilized within these processes, each offering improved efficiency and economic security.

Using ACX alongside LS25 and connected via an ethernet connection provides an efficient solution for both downstream and upstream measurement.

The ACX system itself provides a complete solution for the extractive continuous gas analysis, and can be totally externally controlled. On the inside, reliable analyzers such as the Advance Optima series can work with proven components for sample conditioning.

Not only this, but due to a standardized design, the ACX system is especially easy to maintain. Comprehensive digital communication allows the system to be maintained remotely from anywhere in the world using the AnalyzeIT Explorer package.

The LS25 is an in-situ laser analyzer which is able to selectively measure water and HCI concentration. Operating in accordance with the single-line spectroscopy principle, a single absorption line is selected from the gas which Is then measured in the almost infrared spectral range, at which there is no cross sensitivity from other gases. The laser scans the absorption line, and the receiver opposite detects any absorption caused by the sample gas. The gas concentration is then calculated from this.

Key advantages of the LS25 include:

An alternative solution for upstream and downstream measurement, ACF5000 combines the benefits of an infrared spectrometer using Fourier transformations, along with the recognized technology of ZrO2 analyzer modules. This system does not require frequent calibration and the inclusion of a high resolution FTIR spectrometer offers stable and sensitive selective infrared measurement of the active gas molecules. Like the LS25 system, it is possible to remotely maintain and control the ACF5000 with the AnalyzeIT Explorer.

The ACF5000 is preferable if:

Typical set-up for a SO2 and HCl scrubber

This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by ABB Measurement & Analytics.

For more information on this source, please visit ABB Measurement & Analytics.

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